Indonesia Conference Directory

Corresponding Author
Sri Suhartini

Institutions
Department of Agro-industrial Technology, Faculty of Agricultural Technology, Universitas Brawijaya, Malang, Indonesia

Abstract
Macroalgae is one of renewable marine biomass s feedstocks for substituting land biomass. With the use of anaerobic digestion (AD) technology, macroalgae has been greatly acknowledged for bioenergy production resources, including biogas. On the other hand, batik wastewater contains chemical dyes and organic pollutants, which potentially may cause environmental pollution if disposed without a proper treatment. The aims of this research was to evaluate the potential of biogas and methane production using different ratio of batik wastewater: macroalgae (i.e. Gracilaria verrucosa fresh and dried samples) and to estimate the electrical potential generated. A biochemical methane potential (BMP) test was carried out at temperature of 37 oC for 28 days under batch condition. The results indicated that digesting Batik wastewater alone, without dilution, showed an inhibition process as indicated by a negative net biogas and methane production as well as the specific methane production (SMP). Co-digesting Batik wastewater with fresh marine G. verrucosa samples at ratio of 50:50 cannot produce a high amount of biogas or methane. All samples showed a similar biogas or methane volume compared to that of the inoculum sample. This indicated that an inhibition was occurred limiting the microbial consortia in inoculum to breakdown the organic matter in the feedstock material. This could be due to the salinity of macroalgae and the high organic pollutant concentration in batik wastewater. However, co-digestion of Batik wastewater with dried marine G. verrucosa produced higher SMP. Further alternative options to enhance to utilisation of batik wastewater are needed.

Keywords
anaerobic digestion; inhibition; Gracilaria verrucosa; batik wastewater

Topic
RENEWABLE ENERGY AND BIOREFINERY

Link: https://ifory.id/abstract/9g7DJ36dCkYz

Corresponding Author
AMAN SANTOSO

Institutions
a* Chemistry Departement, Universitas Negeri Malang, Indonesia
Jalan Semarang 5 Malang
Email: aman.santoso.fmipa[at]um.ac.id

Abstract
The purpose of this study is to synthesize methyl esters from copper oil (Voor-Oogst) with KOH catalyst using ultrasonic waves and potential test as biodiesel. Tobacco seed samples were obtained from the Paiton Probolinggo . The stages in this study are: isolation of tobacco seed oil using soxhletation with n-hexane solvents; decreasing free fatty acids by esterification process; transesterification with variations in KOH catalyst concentration; characterization of synthesized biodiesel; and identification of components of methyl ester synthesis by GC-MS. The results showed: Synthesis of methyl esters with transesterification reaction at 0.8% KOH catalyst concentration; 1% and 2% w / w of oil with ultrasonic waves produce biodiesel with the result are 77.45% respectively; 84.55% and 80.72%, (2) Methyl esters from tobacco oil fit the SNI biodiesel criteria with a viscosity of 4.44 cSt, density 0.865 g / mL, refractive index 1.45, acid number 0.56 mg/g. The main constituent of methyl ester which is synthesized in the form of methyl palmitate, linoleic, oleic and stearic is 18.72% respectively; 30.76%; 27.26% and 9.35%.

Keywords
oil, tobacco seeds, methyl ester, ultrasonic waves

Topic
RENEWABLE ENERGY AND BIOREFINERY

Link: https://ifory.id/abstract/t4D8fwX2RB7x

Corresponding Author
Sri Suhartini

Institutions
Department of Agro-industrial Technology, Faculty of Agricultural Technology, Universitas Brawijaya, Malang, Indonesia

Abstract
In global world, increasing needs of energy is parallel to the increase of population. The limitation of land availability and change of land use has turning the focus into marine biomass, especially macroalgae, as renewable energy feedstocks. Indonesia is one of the biggest countries producing marine macroalgae. The aim of this research was to evaluate the impact of washing pre-treatment on the characteristics of macroalgae and it biodegradability in anaerobic digestion process. In this study, a biochemical methane potential (BMP) test was carried out using fresh macroalgae, specifically Gracilaria verrucosa. The ratio of inoculum to substrate was 6:1 with operation temperature of 37 oC and incubated for 28 days. Prior the BMP test, the G. verrucosa samples were washed with flowing water for 30 minutes. The findings confirmed for washing pre-treatment was significantly enhance cumulative biogas and methane production by more than 50%. The specific methane potential (SMP) of washed G. verrucosa increased by six-fold, with the value of 0.108 m3 CH4 / kg VS. In this case, reduction of salinity concentration after washing may play an important role in increasing the anaerobic degradability. It was estimated that a high electricity potential is generated from anaerobic digestion of G. verrucosa after washing pre-treatment.

Keywords
anaerobic digestion; washing pre-treament; Gracilaria verrucosa; biodegradability

Topic
RENEWABLE ENERGY AND BIOREFINERY

Link: https://ifory.id/abstract/72PaLu6dqHDN

Corresponding Author
Ningsi Lick Sangadji

Institutions
a) Chemical Engineering Department, Faculity of Engineering, University of Indonesia
Jalan Kampus UI, Kukusan, Beji, Depok, Jawa Barat 16424
*ningsilick[at]gmail.com

Abstract
The fermentation of succinic acid from oil palm empty fruit bunches (EFB) using immobilized bacteria from cow rumen were investigated. EFB is one of raw material that can be used for succinic acid production due to its cellulose content, low prices, and availability. Succinic acid can be produced effectively by several methods, one of them is fermentation which considered more environmentally friendly due to CO2 consumed during the process, thereby potentially contributing to reduction of CO2 emission. Bacteria used in this experiment were isolated from cow rumen which must be immobilized before getting into succinic acid production process. Fermentation is done by Semi Simultaneous Saccharification and Fermentation (SSSF) technique. Saccharification was carried out using cellulase enzyme for 2 – 6 hours before fermentation occurs. Yeast extract as nitrogen sources and MgCO3 as pH regulating agent were varied and compared in terms of product concentration, yield, and productivity. Fermentation was carried out for 48 hours in shaker water bath and the temperature maintained at 37oC. Fermentation product was then examined using HPLC to find out the succinic acid content. The optimum fermentation conditions for succinic acid production were found to be: saccharification time – 6 hours, initial nitrogen sources concentration – 20 g/L, initial pH regulating agent concentration – 20 g/L. At these optimized condition, the maximum production of succinic acid was found to be 1.43 g/L with 12.03 g/g yield of succinic acid to initial glucose concentration and 0.0297 g/L.h productivity.

Keywords
Succinic acid; Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunches; Immobilized Bacteria; Semi Simultaneous Saccharification and Fermentaion

Topic
RENEWABLE ENERGY AND BIOREFINERY

Link: https://ifory.id/abstract/Vvdt9EUpBgKz

Corresponding Author
Hendrix Yulis Setyawan

Institutions
1Department of Agro-industrial Technology, Faculty of Agricultural Technology. Universitas Brawijaya
2Department of Agro-industrial Technology, Faculty of Agriculture. Universitas Tribhuwana Tunggadewi

Abstract
Biomass is found in large quantities in Indonesia and has the potential to be developed into biofuel. Pyrolysis technology can be used to convert biomass into syngas, which is condensed into pyrolysis oil or known as bio-oil. Biomass is produced in large quantity, do not compete with food, and inexpensive. Current bio-oil research mainly studies the process of converting biomass into bio-oil from inexpensive sources, such as food crops, timber waste and agro-industrial waste. The components of bio-oil are water and organic compounds (hydrocarbons), which are traditionally produced from petroleum. Due to the depletion of petroleum reserves, bio-oil has the potential to be developed into a source of petroleum-supporting fuels. The present study reviewed the status of bio-oil development in Indonesia, including the potential biomass sources, the latest technologies to convert and utilise bio-oil as a fuel, and government policies on the application of bio-oil in Indonesia. This review is expected to be used as a basis for the development of bio-oil policy and scientific and technological utilization of bio-oil in Indonesia.

Keywords
bio-oil, fuel, pyrolysis oil, Indonesia,

Topic
RENEWABLE ENERGY AND BIOREFINERY

Link: https://ifory.id/abstract/Ph2jQGXZMRHK

Corresponding Author
Thutug Rahardiant Primadi

Institutions
Department of Chemistry, FMIPA Universitas Negeri Malang

Abstract
Abstract. Until now, the concrete utilization of frying cooking oil (jelantah) has not been optimal. This study seeks to convert this waste into biodiesel. Given that used cooking oil still contains high concentration of free fatty acids which can be converted into methyl esters through trans-esterification by methanol. This effort is in line with the increasing demand for renewable energy sources. The waste contains high of free fatty acids concentration and rancidity number. Therefore it is necessary to think about the proper process conditions and the use of superior catalysts for trans-esterification. One of the allegedly superior catalysts is ferrit-based nanocomposite catalyst, namely SrO@CoFe2O4. This hypothesis is based on the properties of ferrite which is thermally and chemically stable, and its magnetism, high reactivity (because it is in the form of nano-sized particles), and its composite with strong base oxide SrO which is insoluble in methanol. The purpose of this study was to synthesize and characterize SrO@CoFe2O4, then apply it as a catalyst in biodiesel production from the waste. The main steps include: (1) synthesis of CoFe2O4 with co-precipitation; (2) Impregnation of SrO into CoFe2O4 and converted to SrO@CoFe2O4; (3) characterization of the synthesized material with XRD, EDX and Zetasizer; (4) application of SrO@CoFe2O4 to biodiesel production from used cooking oil; (5) characterization of biodiesel produced. Based on the results of XRD and EDX analysis, the SrO@CoFe2O4 catalyst has been successfully synthesized. The application of catalysts on waste-based trans-esterification provides a conversion of 80-90%.

Keywords
ferrit, impregnation, oxide, biodiesel, frying cooking oil (jelantah)

Topic
RENEWABLE ENERGY AND BIOREFINERY

Link: https://ifory.id/abstract/Mx6JEAyebN7P

Corresponding Author
Sumaya Yulia Putri

Institutions
(a) Department of Physics, IPB University, Bogor, 16680, Indonesia
*yessie.sari[at]apps.ipb.ac.id

(b) Department of Statistic, IPB University, Bogor, 16680, Indonesia

Abstract
Oil palm is one of Indonesias export commodities which is quite important as a foreign exchange earner beside oil and gas. The palm oil industry will produce the main product in the form of palm oil. Palm oil production will cause a lot of palm oil waste to be produced. Palm oil waste consists of solid waste and liquid waste. Palm oil mill effluent (POME) can be processed into biogas in anaerobic production. Other organic materials can be added in the production of biogas such as cow manure. Microorganisms in cow manure which is mixed with POME are expected to convert organic matter into methane optimally. Adding calcium nanoparticles can shorten biogas production time and accelerate fermentation time. The purpose of this research is to determine the characteristics of biogas and the effect of adding calcium on increasing biogas production. Comparison of POME with cow manure which was varied then the calcium nanoparticles are added with variations in milling time and concentration. Calcium nanoparticles treated with milling were analyzed by SEM to see the different sizes of each time variations and to determine the morphological structure, then XRD analyzing used to determine phase, lattice parameters and crystallite size, they were also tested by PSA to analyze the size particle and its distribution. During the anaerobic fermentation process of biogas, temperature and pH measurements were carried out on a mixture of POME and cow manure. The produced biogas was analyzed by gas chromatography to identify the methane gas present in biogas from a mixture of POME and cow manure. The result shows that the addition of calcium nanoparticles viewed increasing of biogas production.

Keywords
Cow manure, fermentation, methane, SEM, XRD, PSA

Topic
RENEWABLE ENERGY AND BIOREFINERY

Link: https://ifory.id/abstract/qLrCHQ6Gmp7d

Corresponding Author
Irnia Nurika

Institutions
Universitas Brawijaya

Abstract
Phlebia sp. MG-60 as one of the white-rot fungi, which has an ability to produce ethanol from lignocellulosic biomass with a single process. This study aimed to determine the effects of nutrition addition and time of incubation for ethanol production, generated from lignocellulose degradation of OPEFB biomass by Phlebia sp. MG-60. By using a factorial experiment in a randomized block design, the effect of malt extract concentration and time of incubations were tested. The results revealed the addition of malt extract and time of incubations, as well as the interaction of both, were found to significantly influence the ethanol concentration (ρ value <0.05). The best treatment was obtained from the addition of malt extract 0.2 g/L, which released the highest amount of total reducing sugars, 26.489 mg/g during 15 days of incubations. Meanwhile, the lowest amount of lignin released 12.91%; weight loss 19.01% produced from 28 days incubation. Furthermore, the highest ethanol concentration (0.28%) was generated from the addition of malt extract 0.2 g/L for 5 days incubation.

Keywords
: OPEFB, ethanol, lignocellulose, malt extract, Phlebia sp.MG-60.

Topic
RENEWABLE ENERGY AND BIOREFINERY

Link: https://ifory.id/abstract/CMBG6QmqYLvW

Corresponding Author
Irnia Nurika

Institutions
Universitas Brawijaya

Abstract
Phlebia sp. MG-60 is one of white rot marine fungi produced enzyme MnP on the hypersaline condition which could potentially degrade lignocellulose especially lignin and to produce ethanol directly through integrated fungal fermentation. This study aimed to determine the effects of the addition of MnSO4 and sea salt on the degradation of lignocellulosic compounds and ethanol production using Phlebia sp. MG-60. The results showed that the addition of MnSO4, sea salt, and their interaction significantly affected on the change of weight loss, total soluble phenol (TSP), total reducing sugar (TRS), pH, lignin concentration, and bioethanol concentration. The best treatment was obtained from the addition of MnSO4 300mg/l, sea salt 3% and 20 days of incubation time. This treatment has the highest value of TRS (22.471 mg/g), TSP (0.334 mg/g), weight loss (16.23%), and ethanol (0.1%), with the lowest value of lignin (19.17%) and pH (6.1). The present results indicated that suitable culture conditions could significantly improve integrated fungal fermentation.

Keywords
Lignocellulose; Ethanol; MnSO4; Phlebia sp. MG-60; Sea Salt; OPEFB

Topic
RENEWABLE ENERGY AND BIOREFINERY

Link: https://ifory.id/abstract/YGVxn7qmUwHg

Corresponding Author
Himsar Ambarita

Institutions
(1)Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Agriculture, Universitas of Sumatera Utara, Jl. Prof. A. Sofyan No 3 Kampus USU, Medan 20155 Indonesia
(2)Sustainable Energy and Biomaterial Centre of Excellent, Universitas of Sumatera Utara, Jl. Almamater Kampus USU, Medan 20155 Indonesia

Abstract
Indonesia is known as the biggest crude palm oil (CPO) producer in the world. The fresh fruit bunches (FFB) are processed in the mill to produce CPO and Palm Kernel as the main products. The process consumes significant amount of energy, water and raw materials and also produces many wastes and emissions. In this study the potency of implementation cleaner production to a Palm Oil Mill is explored. The objectives are to increase efficiency and to reduce risks to humans and environment. As a case study, a Palm Oil Mill with capacity of 30 ton per hour is used. The results show that many potencies of improvement are found. Some of the potential improvements such as electricity intensity reduction from 20.56 to 17 kWh/ton FFB, and the reuse of turbine cooling water. It is shown that implementation of cleaner production to the Palm Oil Mill will improve the efficiency of the mill significantly.

Keywords
Palm Oil, Cleaner Production, Energy Efficiency

Topic
RENEWABLE ENERGY AND BIOREFINERY

Link: https://ifory.id/abstract/Z2NwpYgDJFhd